Values in Workplace

Values in Workplace Work is the place where people spend most of their time. Coming there early in the morning and leaving late in the evening, many people work at night and spend weekends there trying to achieve results.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Values in Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Work is the way to become financially independent and successful for many people, others consider work as the way to enjoy the things they like. Anyway, different people have various values in the workplace. As for me, I consider motivation, result and healthy environment in the workplace as the greatest values. I can easily explain why I have such belief. Motivation should be one of the strongest values in the company. I am inclined to think that if people are not motivated accordingly, their working performance becomes lower, they fail some tasks, clients are dissatisfied and it brings to many specific problems which create additiona l complications for the company in the means of gaining profit. Highly motivated employees work better. They have better mood and all the work they perform they do with pleasure. There are different ways how employees may be motivated, financially, by career development, by means of the personal growth, and other specific conditions aimed at satisfying the employees’ needs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, motivating employees, it is possible to achieve better work performance and higher efficiency for the company. Result is another value which is to be considered. The desire to achieve result should be the primary purpose in the company. Working either individually or in team employees should spend much time on planning the possible outcome of the performance and working on the goal achievement. Result should be valued for many reasons. First of a ll, this is the main condition for getting income; second, result is the last stage of the task performance which is important. Employees should see what they have achieved. Third, result is one of the main measures of the working performance. It helps understand the efficiency of the working process, the competence of the employees and their interest in the work. Bringing value on a result, the employees show their interest in the company success. Finally, the healthy environment in the company should be highly valued. The healthy environment involves many specific measures and conditions aimed at achieving the only result, at making sure that all the employees are satisfied with the work and with the people they are surrounded with and at reducing negative feelings. The value of the healthy environment at the workplace shows that the company managers take care of their employees and want to make sure that the conflicts are absent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sa mple on Values in Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The companies with unhealthy working environment have many difficulties in work performance and result achieving. Healthy environment covers supportive relationships, successful ethical norms and legal behavior in the company. Therefore, it may be concluded that having various values, I highly appreciate the companies which appraise motivation, result and healthy environment at the workplace. Being the central values for the company, these issues help successfully complete the working process, develop personally and professionally and remain satisfied with the work which are the most important aspects in the rush and highly depressive world we have to live in. Spending much time in the working place, it is essential to be satisfied with what one does as it is going to influence human condition and life performance.

Race Discrimination in the USA

Race Discrimination in the USA Introduction Racism is the belief that a certain group is superior to another on the basis of their genetic makeup. Racial discrimination, which is a manifestation of racism, is still rife in modern America. It was blatant and open in the past, and was manifested as mistreatment between two individuals.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Race Discrimination in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, racial discrimination has now become less obvious; the phenomenon is now an institutional ideology that the government, the judiciary, and resource owners perpetuate. Patterns of racisms in the past and present Racial discrimination started as early as the 1500s when American settlers massacred, forcefully displaced and mistreated Native Americans. Throughout this century and the next one, racism was an unconcealed phenomenon. The institution of slavery was born in the 16th Century, and it was one of the most disconcerting manifestations of the practice. Instigators of racial violence regarded their victims as savages. Economic needs (cheap labor) and superiority complexes led to a thriving slave industry. One only has to read parts of the constitution during the 18th century to prove that these sentiments were almost unanimous. States created a three-fifth clause in which slaves would be counted as three-fifth of a person. Discrimination, at the time, was manifested in the form of abuse of basic human rights. People were treated at properties with no political, economic and social liberties. However, this changed in the 1860s when President Lincoln abolished slavery. In the Fourteenth amendment of the 1868 constitution, African Americans gained full American citizenship.1 Regardless of legislative changes on slavery, the late nineteenth century and early 20th century were still characterized by open cases of discrimination. Although there was no state-sponsored institution (slavery) to support open mistreatment of minorities, race relations were far from cordial. Colored persons could not access several social amenities, such as, local stores, restaurants, or motels. Furthermore, there were separate school systems and public transportation systems for blacks. During the first half of the twentieth century, racial discrimination took the form of segregation. This originated for a ‘separate-but-equal’ law that was passed in an 1892 civil rights case known as Plessy V Ferguson. Plessy sat on a white-only section of a rail car thus causing the state to arrest him.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Supreme Court decided that public institutions could separate the people of different races so long as they provided services of equal quality. Blacks could not vote and engage meaningfully in economic activities during the first part of the 20th Century. The law allowed them to do so, but many of them were intimidated by radical racist groups. Additionally, some southern states required voters to pass literacy test or pay poll taxes before voting. While the slavery era was a more violent manifestation of racism, the early 1900s were characterized by state-supported acts of discrimination. The latter phenomenon stemmed from the separation of blacks and white in the 20th century; conversely, discrimination occurred in the slavery era by the complete elimination of human rights among African Americans.2 Patterns of racial discrimination were manifested in yet another form in the middle of the twentieth century. This was a time when racial consciousness took on a national dimension. The Civil rights movement was born in the 1950s and 1960s with the aid of prominent African American leaders, such as, Martin Luther King. Protests against racism led to strong reactions from upholders of the status quo. Some of them lynched b lacked or attacked them during anti-racism campaigns. Furthermore, groups that perpetuated the notion of white supremacy flourished at the time. In sit-ins organized by black, non-violent protestors, racists would burn them with cigarettes and carry out other distasteful acts. This was a dark period in the history of anti-discrimination because extremists unleashed their true colors. Nonetheless, it was these open confrontations that brought the issue of racism to a national audience.3 The phenomenon was no longer seen as a southern problem. Sentiments against open discrimination of blacks rose to enormous proportions. Schools became desegregated, starting from 1954, and President Kennedy oversaw enactment of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. At this time, the separate-but-equal Jim Crow laws were no longer lawful. Housing, education, or employment representatives could no longer deny black people opportunities solely because of their race.Advertising We will write a custom term pa per sample on Race Discrimination in the USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These accomplishments were enormous and crucial to the reduction of unconcealed racial discrimination in the country. However, poverty, educational inequalities, and unemployment were still widespread in the African American community. It is during this era that institutional racial discrimination arose and persisted to date. American citizens have made significant strides in minimizing racial discrimination. This is evident in equal employment opportunities in various workplaces or social institutions. Furthermore, many African Americans now hold influential positions in society, including the presidency. The media now represents and incorporates many colored persons in their programs. These attempts at racial political correctness are quite laudable, but they do not change the invisible barriers that keep racial minorities disadvantaged. A new form of racial disc rimination, which has dire consequences on the progress of racial minorities in the US, exists now. The criminal justice system is one of the principal manifestations of institutional racial discrimination as blacks are overly represented in prisons. Some skeptics claim that blacks commit more crimes so they deserve to go to jail. However, when one analyses the number of convicts who are penalized for drug-related charges, one realizes that African Americans are the majority. Statistics indicate that drug use levels are almost equal across all races. Consequently, the nature of incarcerations should reflect this diversity in use. Certain criminal justice policies have discriminatory outcomes because they lead to higher convictions among blacks. For instance, crack, which is a common drug in the African American community, leads to higher sentence lengths than pure cocaine, which is predominantly used by white communities. Such laws make it difficult for blacks to find work as they h ave a higher representation of ex-convicts than their white counterparts4. Problems of racial profiling represent another area of discrimination against African American citizens. Studies indicate that, African Americans are five times more likely than whites to be stopped by law enforcers during a traffic search.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, several African Americans have been arrested or fallen victim to extrajudicial killings merely because of the color of their skin. A recent case was that of Travoyn Martin, who was shot by a white, community-policing citizen because he looked suspicious. When the assailant was asked why he thought Travoyn looked suspicious, he had no tangible proof to support his claim. The only issue that made the shooter take notice was Martin’s race. Unemployment is a big problem in the African American community, and this arguably stems from racial discrimination. The Civil Rights Act prohibited many individuals from mistreating blacks, but it did not address the root cause of African American disenfranchisement. 5Systematic lack of the skills and opportunities to participate in employment has caused many blacks to become economically disempowered. Additionally, hidden forms of segregation exist at workplaces since equally-qualified blacks find it more difficult than whites to find jobs. Other areas such as housing still testify to this problem today. Property owners in certain up market neighborhoods may turn down potential tenants if they are colored. Negative portrayals of ethnic minorities in the media continue to perpetuate unconstructive stereotypes about the community. This explains why most of them receive harsher sentences than members of the dominant race. News reporters prefer to show restrained suspects when the offenders are black. Further, many Hollywood movies tend to give black characters criminal roles. These images create a negative perception of the group and thus predispose them to longer sentences in court. Conclusion Racial discrimination started as soon as white settlers entered the Americas, but became rampant when slavery began. In the nineteenth century, discrimination was open, brutal and permitted by law. This changed in the twentieth century after the abolition of slavery. At the time, segregation was the new form of discri mination. It was supported by the law and disempowered racial minorities. After the Civil Rights Act, blacks were granted equal rights by law. However, covert discrimination continued to take place through institutional racism. Racial minorities still experience racism today, albeit in a less-individualized manner. In modern times, racial profiling, negative depictions in the media, discriminatory sentencing and economic disenfranchisement are still harsh realities for racial minorities. Reference List Abdollah, T, ‘At 114, a Daughter of Former Slaves Votes for Obama’, Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, p. 3 Bacon, N, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book, New York, 1992. Henry, P D Sears, Race and politics: the theory of symbolic racism, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2002. Sethi, R R Somanathan, ‘Inequality and segregation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, pp. 402 Takaki, R, A different mirror: A history of multicult ural America, Little, Brown Co., New York, 1993. Footnotes 1 N Bacon, The World Book Encyclopedia, World Book, New York, 1992. 2 R Takaki, A different mirror: A history of multicultural America, Little, Brown Co., New York, 1993. 3 R Sethi R Somanathan, ‘Inequality and segregation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 19, no. 1, 2004, pp. 402 4 P Henry D Sears, Race and politics: the theory of symbolic racism, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2002. 5 T Abdollah, ‘At 114, a Daughter of Former Slaves Votes for Obama’, Los Angeles Times, 5 November 2008, p. 3

What is Akrasia (incontinence) according to Aristotle in Book 7 of Essay

What is Akrasia (incontinence) according to Aristotle in Book 7 of Nicomachean Ethics - Essay Example According to Aristotle, the feelings of an incontinent person are not usually more powerful than their reason as people have been made to believe (Aristotle 106). Thus, an incontinent person could also be driven by reason as well as by their feelings and emotions. Other philosophers like Socrates believed that incontinence presents a scenario where individuals have let their emotions control their lives and they have found it difficult to control their emotions. â€Å"It would be strange... if knowledge was in a man, something else could master it and drag it about like a slave† (Aristotle 107). This was an anomaly that Aristotle sought to correct. Aristotle believes that it is on the basis of akrasia that people are influenced or propelled to act irrationally and this is not to say that these people are not logical in nature. Aristotle also opined that the incontinent people have not totally lost their sense of reasoning and even in cases that there seems to be no appreciable amount of reasoning in them, these people could still decide to behave logically, but they prefer to use the pleasures of their emotions (Aristotle 108). Aristotle uses these arguments to explain the uncontrolled and unrestrained nature of the incontinent people that it is not due to the fact that they are incapable of keeping their emotions at bay and this is really not the reason that they behave in an irrational manner. Aristotle believed that the fact that incontinent people have knowledge of their actions goes a long way to show that they also make logical calculations and people should not see them as irrational human beings that are only driven by their feelings. Aristotle believed that akrasia does not imply irrationality or ignorance as he was of the opinion that akrasia is not a total neglect of reason and that people should not assume that incontinence results only from pleasurable feelings. Aristotle agrees that the incontinent person is

Marketing research and information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Marketing research and information - Essay Example This study is concerned about how customers, and even the public feel about J.Sainsbury, as a premier consumer enterprise, considering the fact that often traditional firms may find it difficult, or unwise, to evolve new stratagems to suit contemporaneous business, and unwilling to institute radical changes for better prospects. In the case of JS, this has assumed more significance since the years 1993 onwards has proved tumultuous in its sedate history. However, it is seen that as a consequence of change in top leadership during 1993, the fortunes of JS declined and it lost its long standing market supremacy and has now been relegated into the third position after Tesco and Asda. It is quite possible that it could not institute aggressive competitive strategies and market driven techniques to retain its stronghold in the midst of strong rivalry from Asda and Tesco. "Leadership positions are maintained not only by responding to changing demand but by steering the market using innovative products and consumer education." (Gehlhar et al 2009). 2. It is seen that the main aspects that would impact customers would be in term so what added advantages and price cuts could be gained from purchasing from JS and it is seen that "Sainsbury benefited from strong in-store offers and prices cuts, drawing new shoppers and once again increasing its share to just under 15 percent." (Retail sales start to bloom in UK 2009). Objectives: The purpose of this brief are as follows: 1. To assess present attitudes of customers towards JS and how they perceive its current market position, vis--vis rivals and competitors in the retail food business. 2. The attitudes of non-customers towards JS and the basis for their reasoning. It could be seen in terms of creditors, government agencies or other third parties, including the general public, who may be shopping with JS's rival firms. 3. What differential advantages or benefits are possessed by JS, in the perspective of customers that rate them higher than others in the field 4. What the future prospects of JS are as rated in terms of its past and present performances 5. What are the implications of attitudinal issues in determining the future success of JS Outline of possible method: The methodology for his study could be in terms of group discussions, personal interviews and questionnaires with regard to the proposed study. The aspects of group discussions have been detailed in Task 2. The group discussions would be held with major customers of JS in order to assess their views on serviceability and operational aspects of JS. It is seen that the supply chain management system followed in JS is quite robust and close links have been developed with the vendors in order to ensure that replenishments are received in time and stores are filled with choicest food and non-food items demanded by customers. It could also be seen that aspects regarding individual choices and

Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams Essay Example for Free

Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams Essay Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams. What are their dreams and how near are any of them to achieving what they want? Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck is a classic novel set in a ranch town in Salinas Valley, California. The novel may have been set here as a result of most of Steinbecks childhood being spent on his fathers farmland. His descriptions of the setting will have been aided by his first hand experience of the ranches of the area. The novel itself documents the lives of Lennie Small and George Milton. With Lennie being mentally challenged he has the psychological capabilities of a five year old. This means he has to be cared for by George because he acts childish and irresponsibly. For this reason, he often causes commotion within the ranch he is working. On many occasions disruption has occurred and occurs, George and Lennie are forced to leave their current ranch and start again at a new one. As they are always moving around, they never have a secure job and are always staying in temporary accommodation. With each time they move to a different ranch they dream more and more of having their own piece of land where they can be their own bosses and live off the crops they grow. This is shown by this quote, and we can live off the fatta the lan' said by George. This is only one of the many dreams that feature in Of Mice and Men, however not one of the dreams featured in this novel are achieved. This reflected the harsh reality of the Great Depression and the racial prejudice in society at the time. Steinbeck set Of Mice and Men during the Great Depression, in the late 1920s and the 1930s. Many migrants came to California, from other parts of the world looking for work as America was seen as the Land of Opportunity. This glimpse of hope inspired many Europeans to emigrate as Europe, at the time, was overcrowded and disease ridden. America was believed to provide cheap land and no rigid class structure existed. These characteristics gave Europeans the chance of a completely different way of life to what they were used to. In 1929, America entered a prolonged period of economic deprivation due to the collapse of the New York stock exchange, The Wall Street Crash. Following The Wall Street Crash, many Americans who had invested great deals of money into stocks and shares lost almost all of their investments. In some cases, people would have lost their houses and life savings. During The Great Depression, failed businesses and long-term unemployment were of the norm. The hopes of those immigrants, who came to America looking for a new life, were dashed by this tragic event. America was certainly not the Land of Opportunity. George and Lennie travelled from ranch to ranch together. This was unusual as most ranch workers would only usually work at one ranch for no longer than a month or two. They would literally not have the time for friendship. This was one of the reasons that the average workers dream was for some sort of companionship. The fact that George and Lennie had travelled together so long is significant as they lived the dream of so many other workers. It would give them the chance of having an alternative dream, one of owning their own land on which they could live off. When travelling from ranch to ranch workers could not carry many possessions and so had nothing to show for their years of working. They would work and work but not really achieve much. They would spend the money they earned and then earn some more and repeat. This is illustrated in the quote, ..work up a stake and blow the stake. A dream would be important as it would give a worker something to work towards instead of working with no real direction in their life. Many of the characters in the novel have dreams. The dream is a form of escape from reality of life. As previously stated, George and Lennies dream is to have a piece of land that they can call their own, tend it, grow crops and raise animals. However, Lennie specifically dreams of caring for rabbits. This shows his immaturity. He says, An have rabbits! George is always repeating this dream to Lennie. When he does depict the dream to Lennie, he uses exaggerative language and gets involved in the dream almost as much as Lennie. Both George and Lennie become excited when the dream is recalled. They swear, Well just say the hell with going to work , animating their eagerness to fulfil their dream. George and Lennies dream eventually fails. This is for a number of reasons. It is mainly because Lennie is such a burden to George. Because of Lennies mental incapability, he has no idea that he is making Georges life miserable. George says, Course Lennies a God damn nuisance most of the time, but you get used to goin around with a guy an you cant get rid of him George is being held back by Lennie as they are constantly forced to change jobs, because of situations the Lennie gets them in to and therefore they cant stay in work long enough to build up any sort of savings. The result of this is that they can not save up the money to achieve the dream. Lennie has limited social skills and so does not know how to interact with people. Instead, he finds comfort in touching things and is too tactile. This causes trouble as Lennie often touches womens clothes and is misunderstood and seen to be abusive. For this reason, George has to keep a constant eye on Lennie. When Candy makes the proposal of entering their dream in exchange for three hundred dollars, George suddenly sees some possibility of the dream succeeding. Before, he had merely used the dream as a pacifier for Lennie and had lulled himself into believing that it may happen so that he could continue bringing hope to Lennie. I think that sub-consciously he always knew that the dream would never be a reality. With Candys financial input, the dream could realistically be achieved within the month. However, an abrupt end to their hopes arrives. Lennie, in his childlike way, cannot conceive of the line where stroking stops and hurting begins in terms of petting, and he ends up accidently killing two animals by petting them violently. Most horrifically, at the climax of the story, he kills Curlys wife in the same way. The fact that he killed her was the final blow to the dream. I think I knowed from the very first. I think I knowed wed never do her, George says as he realizes the dream is inevitable. Lennie was inevitably going to be hunted down and shot on site. George, who is forced to join the manhunt for Lennie, decides that the kindest way out for both him and Lennie is to kill him when he finds him. He does this by luring Lennie into a false state of trust by reciting their dream to him one last time. This sends Lennie off into death with his dream in his head. You can argue in some way Lennie has achieved his dream. Curlys wife has a dream common to the period and today. She believes that she has the talent to become a Hollywood actress. She was convinced of this as when she was younger; she acquainted herself with a Hollywood director who deemed her suitable to be an actress in the movies. This is shown in a quote taken from a passage spoken by Curlys wife, An I coulda sat in them big hotels, an had pitchers took of me..An all them nice clothes they wear. Because this guy said I was a natural. This guy told her she would receive a letter from him explaining where to meet to develop her acting career. Her explanation of why she didnt become an actress is idealistic at best. She believed that her mother stole that letter. However, this is an optimistic justification. It just so happens that shortly after Curleys wife was given the hope of becoming an actress, she met Curley. When she realised that her dream of becoming an actress was truly over, she decided to marry Curley. She may have done this as, at the time, it was very difficult for a woman to get a job and live on her own. The main profession of women then was housewife. Most women would marry a modest worker but marrying a rich man who owned a ranch was a bonus. Life would be easy for Curleys wife as she would not have to lift a finger. As there was such discrimination towards women, Curleys wife found herself being ignored by the men on the ranch. She was not paid much attention by Curley and was seen by him as more of a trophy than a wife. These are the main reasons that Curleys wife is not happy. She openly expresses that she does not even love Curley. I dont like Curley. She regrets that she married him in the first place. She was not able to speak to anyone during the day as all of the men were out on the fields working. This causes her to be extremely lonely. At any chance she can she will speak to someone. When she speaks to Lennie in the barn, she says, Why cant I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely. This shows that she craves friendship. She is often prying on the men just looking for someone to talk to. She justifies this by saying to Slim Hi, good lookin. Im tryin to find Curley, Slim. The fact that she does not even have a name and is instead referred to as Curleys wife shows her status on the ranch. It shows that she is so insignificant that she is not even deemed important enough to warrant a real name. She is looked down on and shown no respect by most of the men on the ranch. She also has the dream to be treated as equal to the men on the ranch. This is similar to Crooks dream. He just wants to be accepted by everyone else on the ranch. However, both Crooks and Curleys wife have similar dreams which would lead you to think that they would sympathise with each other. The reality is quite opposite. Curleys wife approaches Crooks in an aggressive manor and speaks to him in a demoralising way. She says, Well you keep your place, then Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny! She perhaps speaks to Crooks with no respect as he is the only person on the ranch over whom she has a higher status. Crooks and Candy try to enter George and Lennies dream. They both do this for their own reasons. Candy is worried about his future on the ranch. He believes that is nearing the point of becoming useless to the ranch owner. He needs some security so that when he does become of no use, he can settle down somewhere. Crooks feels socially isolated and needs to go somewhere that he will be treated as an equal. George, Lennie and Candy do not discriminate against Crooks as much as most. This is the reason that he would feel comfortable living in a house with them. Candy, when he enters the dream, provides financial power. He has three hundred dollars that he is willing to invest in the dream. When he first tries to join the dream, George responds in a negative and coy way. He says You know a place like that? [Candy] Spose I do? Whats that to you? [George]. However, when George considers Candys proposition, he starts to think that the dream may actually become a reality. Candy is afraid that if he does not get somewhere that he can retire to, he may have no one to care for him. Eventually he will be seen of no use and disposed of, much like his dog. Crooks joins the dream as he feels he needs a shelter from society, somewhere that he is accepted for the person that he is and not judged by his skin colour or his disability. Crooks has no status and is treated with no respect on the ranch. He is frustrated with all of the racism directed towards him. He says, If I say something, why, its just a nigger saying it Crooks had a taste of equality when he was a child. He was accepted by white children and has perhaps not accepted the fact that he is now a social outcast. He says, The white kids come to play at our place, an sometimes I went to play with them, and some of them was pretty nice He remembers what it was like to be an equal and wants to experience that feeling again. This is one of the reasons the Crooks joins the dream. Candy will soon be too old and frail to keep his job at the ranch. The fact that he only has one hand means that his job opportunities are very limited. He, much like Crooks, has no one in his life. He just watches workers come and go from the ranch. He would have somewhere to belong if he joined the dream. This is a very important psychologically as having a place to call home can give Candy a reason to carry on living. All of these characters have dreams and their dreams are important to them. They all give their character some sort of goal to aim for and a light at the end of the tunnel. I believe Steinbeck is trying to make a point by including all of these dreams. I think he is trying to say that without dreams, we are all lost in our lives. We all need some sort of dream to keep us motivated. I think the novel was written to show the stranglehold that the Great Depression had on America in the 1930s. It also shows how hard the life of an itinerant worker was. Of Mice and Men was very a descriptive and informative book. It made me realise that dreams, however small or big, are vital in life.

Comparison of Dracula and Bram Stokers Dracula Essay -- Comparison Co

Compare/Contrast Dracula and Bram Stoker's Dracula A noticeable difference in the way movies have changed over the years is evident when comparing and contrasting two films of different eras which belong to the same genre and contain the same subject matter. Two vampire movies, Dracula and Bram Stoker's Dracula, present an interesting example of this type of study. Comparing the 1931 version of Dracula, starring Bela Lugosi, with Frances Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula 1993 version yields some similarities. Both films are of the same genre: Horror. Both films are set around the same time period. Also, both deal with a vampire coming to England and causing disruptions in people's lives. Beyond these few similarities are numerous contrasts. An obvious difference in these films is that the 1931 version played to a Depression audience and that the Coppola version played to a modern audience. (I am being extremely careful because, obviously, the 1931 audience was modern in 1931; however, we like to think of ourselves as being more modern than past generations. There are differences in the audiences which viewed the respective versions in their time, and I hope to prove this point as the paper unfolds.) When we compare the portrayal of characters in the areas of gender, race, and age, we find striking contrasts. In the 1931 version, men's roles are well-defined: they are the protectors. For example, Jonathan hovers over Mina in many scenes, giving us the impression that Mina is a helpless creature. In Coppola's version, Jonathan is by no means a protector. He barely escapes Dracula's castle; Mina has to go to him--to protect him. Also interesting, are the differences in the portrayal of the women in these film... ... audience handle this, or is it because they demand realism? Possibly, this demand for realistic interpretation of subject matter is a major cause of the differences between these films; however, as was shown in this paper, there are also other reasons for the variations. 1931 was a time of poverty for many Americans who needed escape into a film where traditional values were upheld: where God wins; where men and women's roles are well-defined; and where order reigns. Coppola's version has been released in a time where the patriarchal system has begun to break down; where prejudice is no longer acceptable (still practiced, but not acceptable); and where we require everything to be extreme. Bibliography Bram Stoker's Dracula. Dir. Frances Ford Coppola. Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1993. Dracula. Dir. Tod Browning. Universal Pictures Corporation, 1931.

Fly Away Peter, David Malouf Essay

â€Å"Two little dickie birds, Sitting on a wall; One named Peter, One named Paul. Fly away Peter! Fly away Paul! Come Back Peter! Come Back Paul!† Traditional Throughout ‘Fly Away Peter’ Malouf utilises a variety of literary techniques such as contrast, Imagery, Symbolism and foreshadowing to portray ideas and themes. The title ‘Fly Away Peter’ makes reference to the traditional English nursery rhyme ‘Two Little Dickie Birds’. Moulaf utilises this nursery rhyme to make the connection between themes within ‘Fly Away Peter’ and everyday life. â€Å"Two little dickie birds, Sitting on a wall;† These opening lines of the nursery rhyme introduce two of the main ideas within the novel. The two birds talked about in the nursery rhyme are Peter and Paul. the birds and are a reference to the motif of birds seen throughout the book. The birds are used to symbolise the idea of life being a continuous cycle that carries on regardless of the situation, â€Å"even here, in the thick of the fighting, there were birds†. For Jim the birds symbolised normality and provided a â€Å"private reassurance†. This provided Jim with a sense of normality in the middle of ‘hell’. In the rhyme the wall symbolises the sanctuary. The sanctuary symbolises the ‘garden of Eden’ and Moulaf has used the sanctuary to contrast the war. This is introducing the idea of good versus evil. A variety of techniques are used to introduce the sanctuary. Being a poet, Moulaf has used long flowing descriptions utilising descriptive language such as â€Å"intensely blue† â€Å"tobacco brown† â€Å"flared† and â€Å"piano-wires singing†. These add an extra level to the understanding and the natural beauty of the sanctuary. The sanctuary is also used to introduce another theme of the novel, two planes of live. Within the first sentence Moulaf uses a narrator voice to introduce the setting of the novel. With the Use of Jim being a narrator Moulaf foreshadows the idea of there being two planes of life. â€Å"a clumsy shape had been lifting itself out of an invisible paddock†. The invisible paddock talked about in the first sentence is foreshadowing of the introduction of the two planes of life. Moulaf is also using symbolism. The â€Å"invisible paddock† symbolises the sky, and as later introduced the view from the sky is the second plane of life. Moulaf has used the lines; â€Å"One named Peter, One named Paul† to link the characters of the book to the religious views and ways of living in the 1960’s. In the 1750’s the rhyme ‘Two Little Dickie Birds’ talked of two birds names Jack and Gill, in the early 1900’s the names were changed to the disciples ‘Peter and Paul’. In ‘Fly away Peter’ Moulaf has used this link between the birds name to introduce the religious connections. The bird peter symbioses Jim and Paul symbolises Ashley in the context of ‘Fly away Peter’. Throughout the novel Moulaf uses the literary technique of narration to tell parts of the story. â€Å"The world Jim found himself in†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this narrator figure symbolises God. Jim and Ashley also symbolise angels. This references the first quote Moulaf placed in the front of the novel. The â€Å"divine creature† is an angel. Jim and Ashley are angels incarnated in a human form, and the ‘flying away’ is the time on earth and the coming back is the return to heaven. In the novel Jim dies from injuries sustained form a battle, and in this the cycle of his life is complete and he returns to heaven. The lines â€Å"Fly away peter, Fly away Paul† foreshadow Jim and Ashley going to fight in the war. The war is the complete contrast of the Sanctuary. The descriptive language used shows the contrast between the two locations. Moulaf describes the sanctuary using phrases such as â€Å"wooded country beyond† and â€Å"silvery scrub† in comparison to the description of the war; â€Å"The air was tormented† and â€Å"Deadly†. The war is over-run with rats, which are seen as creatures of evil, where as the sanctuary is full of birds which are  creatures of the sky. Moulaf also uses the cattle trucks to symbolise how the soldiers were treated. The trucks had a sign which read â€Å"eight horses or forty men† meaning the army treated the soldiers as if they were as replicable as cattle. The cattle trucks also took the cattle to the abattoir, likewise the cattle truck is taking the majority of the soldiers to their death. The rhyme itself is a cycle, the birds fly away and come back again â€Å"Come back Peter! Come back Paul!†. With the religious understanding and interpretation of the novel the coming back is returning to heaven, however the coming back can also be related to the quote at the beginning of the book, where it talks about â€Å"the stone will be our bed†, the returning is being buried in the earth. Moulaf introduces the theme of digging early in the novel, however this motif is used when Jim is dying. During war digging symbolises a grave, and after a long exposure to war Jim assumes digging has to be for a grave â€Å"a grave it must be†. During Jim’s stream of consciousness before his death he meets Clancy, the first hint that Jim has either passed on or is hallucinating. Clancy instructs Jim to dig, â€Å"That’s the style! Dig†. When you are buried you are returned to the earth, and hence returned to the stone. This is part of the continuous cycle of life. The lines â€Å"Come Back Peter! Come Back Paul!† foreshadow the ending of the novel and complete the cycle, which is one of the key themes Moulaf is portraying. Moulaf has used a variety of literary techniques such as contrast, Imagery, Symbolism and foreshadowing to portray ideas and themes throughout ‘Fly Away Peter’. Malouf focuses on the theme the continuous circle of life to illustrate the connection between the novel and life â€Å"the places, the stories of a life that was continuous elsewhere†.

Behavioral Management Theory Essay

As management research continued in the 20th century, questions began to come up regarding the interactions and motivations of the individual within organizations. Management principles developed during the classical period were simply not useful in dealing with many management situations and could not explain the behaviour of individual employees. In short, classical theory ignored employee motivation and behaviour. As a result, the behavioural school was a natural outgrowth of this revolutionary management experiment. Discuss – how behaviour management has changed over the years in the modern classroom we know today ? The behavioural management theory is often called the human relations movement because it addresses the human dimension of work. Behavioural theorists believed that a better understanding of human behaviour at work, such as motivation, conflict, expectations, and group dynamics, improved productivity. Discuss – How does a better understanding of human behaviour enhance our own teching The theorists who contributed to this school viewed employees as individuals, resources, and assets to be developed and worked with — not as machines, as in the past. Several individuals and experiments contributed to this theory. Elton Mayo’s contributions came as part of the Hawthorne studies, a series of experiments that rigorously applied classical management theory only to reveal its shortcomings. The Hawthorne experiments consisted of two studies conducted at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company in Chicago from 1924 to 1932. The first study was conducted by a group of engineers seeking to determine the relationship of lighting levels to worker productivity. Surprisingly enough, they discovered that worker productivity increased as the lighting levels decreased — that is, until the employees were unable to see what they were doing, after which performance naturally declined. Although the above experiments at the Western Electric Company seem pretty basic – it’s interesting to note how productivity increased when workers concerns were addressed and considered – do we think that the increased productivity is linked to employees feelings of value A few years later, a second group of experiments began. Harvard researchers Mayo and F. J. Roethlisberger supervised a group of five women in a bank wiring room. They gave the women special privileges, such as the right to leave their workstations without permission, take rest periods, enjoy free lunches, and have variations in pay levels and workdays. This experiment also resulted in significantly increased rates of productivity. Again the above experiment appears to give employees control over their working conditions and can this flexibility within the workplace contribute to the individuals feelings of self worth within their organisation – or can the lack of routines/boundaries allow a slip shod working pattern In this case, Mayo and Roethlisberger concluded that the increase in productivity resulted from the supervisory arrangement rather than the changes in lighting or other associated worker benefits. Because the experimenters became the primary supervisors of the employees, the intense interest they displayed for the workers was the basis for the increased motivation and resulting productivity. Essentially, the experimenters became a part of the study and influenced its outcome. This is the origin of the term Hawthorne effect, which describes the special attention researchers give to a study’s subjects and the impact that attention has on the study’s findings. The general conclusion from the Hawthorne studies was that human relations and the social needs of workers are crucial aspects of business management. This principle of human motivation helped revolutionize theories and practices of management. Abraham Maslow, a practicing psychologist, developed one of the most widely recognized need theories, a theory of motivation based upon a consideration of human needs. His theory of human needs had three assumptions: †¢Human needs are never completely satisfied. †¢Human behaviour is purposeful and is motivated by the need for satisfaction. †¢Needs can be classified according to a hierarchical structure of importance, from the lowest to highest. My interpretation of the experiments and the correlation to Maslow’s theory below demonstrates to me the importance of setting ground rules in the first instance is paramount to ensuring workers or learners in our case – have some autonomy over their patterns of working increasing motivation and individual feelings of self esteem over their learning journey! Maslow broke down the needs hierarchy into five specific areas: †¢Physiological needs. Maslow grouped all physical needs necessary for maintaining basic human well-being, such as food and drink, into this category. After the need is satisfied, however, it is no longer is a motivator. †¢Safety needs. These needs include the need for basic security, stability, protection, and freedom from fear. A normal state exists for an individual to have all these needs generally satisfied. Otherwise, they become primary motivators. †¢Belonging and love needs. After the physical and safety needs are satisfied and are no longer motivators, the need for belonging and love emerges as a primary motivator. The individual strives to establish meaningful relationships with significant others. †¢Esteem needs. An individual must develop self-confidence and wants to achieve status, reputation, fame, and glory. †¢Self-actualization needs. Assuming that all the previous needs in the hierarchy are satisfied, an individual feels a need to find himself. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory helped managers visualize employee motivation. Douglas McGregor was heavily influenced by both the Hawthorne studies and Maslow. He believed that two basic kinds of managers exist. One type, the Theory X manager, has a negative view of employees and assumes that they are lazy, untrustworthy, and incapable of assuming responsibility. On the other hand, the Theory Y manager assumes that employees are not only trustworthy and capable of assuming responsibility, but also have high levels of motivation.

The changing character of religion in modern western societies essay

The changing character of religion in modern western societies essay The changing character of religion in modern western societies essay The changing character of religion in modern western societies essayQuestion 1What changed in the character and role of religion in European societies between 1500 and 1800 to make what we call â€Å"freedom of religion† and â€Å"separation of church and state† the norm nearly everywhere?The character and role of religion in European societies in the1500s and that in the1800s were changed to make what we call â€Å"freedom of religion† and â€Å"separation of church and state† the norm nearly everywhere. Two pictures of religion help to better understand the differences between the character of religion in about 1500 and the other in about 1800.Picture of religion’s character in about 1500Religion in about 1500 is focused on the legitimation of monarchy. Religion is closely connected with politics. This complex relationship between religion and politics influences its character. Religion cannot be viewed as the cause of violence. The language of po litics and the key rituals of politics have powerful religious attributes. Religious wars demonstrate the role of interaction of politics and religion. Actually, the picture of religion’s character in about 1500 is rather vague. The Christian theology provides only one way of thinking (Zagorin, 2003). The state is created by God to ensure peace and harmony and protect citizens. Besides, the state is responsible for upholding the commandments of God the creator, as well as provides protection to church and Christianity as the key religion (Zagorin, 2003).   The ruler of the state is the Christian king who is honored and idealized by all citizens. In Locke’s Letter concerning Toleration, the author tells about religious attitudes (Locke, 1796). Locke is focused on providing evidence of the period of exile in Dutch Republic, which was caused by various political circumstances, including the lack of religious toleration, increased rate of religious persecution and exclus ion from religion. It has been found that in European societies of the1500s, there political authority was connected with religious belief. For example, the issue regarding religious toleration had become very important during the reign of Charles II. The Clarendon Code provided restoration and extension of religious monopoly of the church. The Anglican Church restricted the rights of non-Anglicans. This fact means that in the 1500s, religion was influential. Locke was focused on the defense of toleration. The Protestant Reformation demonstrated religious persecution, when a strict religious regime was established to ban human pleasures and witches. The kings in European countries were focused on having an absolute power over religion and the state. The character of religion of that period can be characterized as violent because heretics were burned at the stake by powerful Catholic inquisitors, and mobs were permitted to commit atrocities in the name of Church and God. Religious wa rs involved Protestant and Catholic armies, demonstrating the lack of religious tolerance. Religious fanaticism was in the basis of that period of history.Picture of religion’s character in about 1800By 1800, â€Å"freedom of religion† or freedom of different Christianizes and â€Å"separation of church and state† had widely, but not completely, become the norm. Religion’s character in about 1800 was focused on toleration of the existing religious differences as well as on protection of â€Å"freedom of religion†.   Religion in the 1800s provided opportunities for the development of the new system of ethics to make society more civilized. Religious justification helped to create new definition of citizenship based on morality and individualism.   Religion played a significant role in the society of the 1800s. European countries entered a new stage of development, the so-called â€Å"age of Enlightenment†. Actually, the picture of religio n’s character in about 1800 was less savage. Religious toleration was in the basis of that period.These two pictures allow the reader to draw clear comparisons, and see what had changed, and how much had changed. The medieval and modern eras provided considerable changes in religious dimensions and attitudes. Religious toleration triumphed over religious persecution. Actually, the philosophy of Enlightenment highlighted religion as social tool to promote new ideas. The mission of religion was to promote social civilization as the basis of the privatization of faith (Kaplan, 2009). Freedom of religion dates back to the period of Reformation that took place in the 1600s. There was a shift in religion which was focused on new inner experience of people. For example, in Dutch culture, the freedom of religion and the separation of church and state were adopted in the Constitution of 1798. As a result, the Dutch Reformed church was established (Kaplan, 2009).The character of religi on of that period reflected the link between civilization and enlightenment, in which Catholic ideas were interviewed with the Protectant ones. In other words, the new freedom of religion provided the opportunities for religious fragmentation that would exist in 20 and 21 centuries.Question 2Why did this change take place? What caused it and explains it? what are the most important factors which explain the changes from the earlier picture to the later picture you described in response to Question 1, and particularly which explain the appearance and gradual acceptance of â€Å"freedom of religion† and â€Å"separation of church and state†?This change took place because there was a necessity to change social, economic and political development of European nations. Freedom of religion was one of the key factors that promoted economic growth and had a strong impact on economic performance of different nations. The separation of church and state fostered new attitudes towa rd religion, including the gradual acceptance of religious freedom (Kaplan, 2009). Reformed Church promoted the ideas of intellectuals, including their radical innovations. This fact means that â€Å"freedom of religion† and â€Å"separation of Church and State† contributed to the growth of civilization and progressive ideas. Actually, the position of the Reformed Church was crucial for the separation between Church and State (Kaplan, 2009). The state authorities realized that without religion, it was impossible to create civilized society. Religion provided the opportunities to develop morality and human values. The separation of Church and State can be explained as complex process aimed at promoting civilized society and reshaping religious freedom (Kaplan, 2009). The noninterference of the state in various religious matters highlights the necessity to promote free exercise of conscience of citizens in religion. Keeping church and state separately means to promote re ligious freedom and fair treatment of various religions. The laws of the state are socially accepted, as well as the laws of religion. This fact means that the laws of the state are firm, and the laws of religion are firm. Thus, church and state should have equal rights. The separation of Church and State promoted equal treatment (Kaplan, 2009). The most important factors which explain the changes from the earlier picture of religion to the later picture of religion described in response to Question 1, are political factors (changes in political relationships), social factors (changes in social attitudes) and economic factors (changes in economic development of the nations). Absolute separation of Church and State reduced the power of religious groups to promote their religious beliefs or practices in government settings, highlighting the principle of equality and national identity.

Gray vs. Grey

Gray vs. Grey Gray vs. Grey Gray vs. Grey By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Would you please explain the variation in spelling of the word gray vs. grey? Short answer: gray is standard American spelling and grey is British spelling for the same color. The spellings have bounced back and forth. The Old English stem was spelled grÇ £g. According to the OED, †The variation between spellings in ei, ey, etc., and in ai, ay, etc., in later Middle English results from the general Middle English merger of the ei and ai diphthongs.† Examples of spellings that evolved from the merger are clay, gray, grey, and whey. In Dr. Johnson’s 1755 dictionary, the entry for the adjective is spelled gray: â€Å"white with a mixture of black.† A note in the OED describes an informal inquiry made in 1893 that found differences among the usage of British publishers: the printers of The Times stated that they always used the form gray; Messrs. Spottiswoode and Messrs. Clowes always used grey; other eminent printing firms had no fixed rule. Many correspondents said that they used the two forms with a difference of meaning or application: the distinction most generally recognized being that grey denotes a more delicate or a lighter tint than gray. Others considered the difference to be that gray is a ‘warmer’ colour, or that it has a mixture of red or brown.’ Various attempts have been made at different times to establish different colors for gray and grey. Here’s one from 1867: G. W. Samson Elem. Art Crit. v. i. 483.  Professional, if not primitive English usage has made a distinction between gray and grey. The spelling gray may with propriety be employed to designate admixtures in which simple black and white are employed. The form grey may indicate those admixtures which have the same general hue, but into which blue and its compounds more or less slightly enter. Individuals may prefer one spelling to the other, but the rule is, American spelling gray; British spelling grey. Note: The grey in greyhound has nothing to do with the animal’s color. The OED tells us that this grey is â€Å"apparently a first element cognate with Old Icelandic grey, â€Å"bitch.† The Old Icelandic word for a female dog is greyhundr. In English the word came to mean a particular kind of dog: A breed of fast-running, keen-sighted dog having a long slender body and head and long legs, long used in hunting and coursing, and now used in racing; a dog of this breed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Proved vs. ProvenThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Poverty and Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Poverty and Pollution - Essay Example Industries in developing countries also do not have the technology to combat environmental pollution which is why they are suffering the most because of environmental pollution. In this paper, the issue of environmental pollution will be discussed and the role of developing and developed countries will be discussed. Moreover, the discussion will be made on ethical implications of polluting in a third world country. Also, a uniform global plan for pollution control will be proposed. The ethical implications of polluting in a Third World country are severe, to say the least. Businesses cannot make life miserable for people of third world countries because everyone has a right to live his or her life in a healthy environment. There cannot be any ethical justification of businesses polluting in Third World countries. When businesses pollute the land, air, and waters of developing countries, they hurt and endanger the lives of the people who live there, and this cannot be justified. It is also not ethical for businesses to damage the natural resources of third world countries in the name of economic progress. Even if businesses that are polluting in developing countries are actually creating jobs and contributing to the economy, their actions are not ethically justified because their practices will make life difficult for future generations. The argument that businesses in the Third World provide employment to otherwise unemployed people of the country is not valid because the same businesses are making the environment worse for the future generations. It is important to take into account the good of both the present and future generations, and in this regard practices of businesses that are polluting in the Third World countries are unethical.

Nelson and Mr. Head in 20 years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nelson and Mr. Head in 20 years - Essay Example Nelson knows that Mr. Head is really old now and he doesn’t want him to leave this world without seeing other continents. Nelson knew that Mr. Head is old and old people create very strong associations with objects and surroundings. However, he was determined to show him Africa, the way he showed him the city and the Artificial Nigger. Nelson owns a clothing store near his house and is in good business, owns a fat bank account and has contacts that can safely ship them to Africa. The only problem is Mr. Head’s stubbornness. But Nelson is also the grandson of the same stubborn man. He is determined to drag him to another continent and show him around. One fine Tuesday morning, Mr. Head is up earlier than usual and decides to go for a little walk around his house. He grabs his stick, puts on his slippers glances over to Nelson’s room where he’s sound asleep and walks out the door. It’s winters and the morning breeze is chilling. Mr. Head buttons up his shirt to the neck and wraps his free arm around him in an unsuccessful attempt to cover him from the wind. He turns around and takes a look back at his house which is 20 odd yards away from him now and in a moment of perplexity decides to continue his morning walk. All the time he suppresses the voice in his head that it is a bad idea to leave the house in such a cold weather, but there is strange spirit within him that is pulling him forward. Maybe he wants to prove to himself that he is still a man and can take care of himself. He doesn’t want Nelson to escort him to the bathroom, to the breakfast table or to tie his shoelaces. He is feeling tired now, and very cold. His determination is giving up. He is trembling now as he frequently wipes of the mist from his glass with the sleeve of his sweater. Mr. Head is panting and the walking stick is wildly shaking now and he realizes his mistake of leaving home. He shouldn’t have left the house in